The uninhabited island of Santiago, founded in 1462 was colonised by the Portuguese, the first permanent settlement city in the tropics. Slaves were brought here from West Africa and by the 16th century Santiago was highly successful as the transatlantic slave trade flourished.
In 1675 the decline of the Cape Verde Islands became apparent when the Portuguese Crown agreed monopoly rights whereby slaves could be directly bought from the coast on New Guinea bypassing Cape Verde completely. In addition Cape Verde became increasingly vulnerable to attacks by rival countries as well as pirates. An attack in 1712 by the French led to the sacking of Santiago and robbed Ribeira Grande of its riches. The city declined in importance and in 1770 Praia became the capital.
Cape Verde suffered the first of many droughts in 1742. Despite their requests Portugal refused to plough money into the Islands for nothing in return. With goats overgrazing on the already limited vegetation and the severe lack of funds it was inevitable that famine was going to strike. As a result thousands of people died as the droughts and starvation took hold. It is thought that 44% of the population at that time died. The once lush islands were now dry and barren. Many Cape Verdeans fled the Islands and emigrated to America in the hope of a better life.
Cape Verde suffered rapid economic decline as the slave trade was eventually abolished in 1876. As the 19th century approached changes started occuring, new steam ships were born as a result of the industrial revolution and needed somewhere to stop and reload with coal on their long journeys. Due to the Islands' location, it was the ideal place for America-bound ships to stop here for ship repairs and supplies. The Brits soon set up coaling stations here and Mindelo, its capital grew exceptionally quick.
Until 1879, Cape Verde was part of the Portuguese Guinea (now Guinea-Bissau) and in 1951 the status of the Islands changed from colony to overseas province. The affirmation of the Cape Verdean Nation happened on the 5th July 1975 (National Independence Day) when the oldest party PAICV* won independence for the country and ruled for many years to come.
The 1980s was by and large viewed as a period of steady development under the PAICV government who increased incoming aid and foreign investment. Whilst the country had only one political party. The government of Cape Verde is regarded as free of corruption and enjoys and excellent record on human rights. By the early 1990’s a multiparty system was introduced and legislative elections were held in Janauary 1991 resulting MPD** coming to power, they remained in government for a decade, ceeding power back to the PAICV in the 2001 elections
This nation has been plagued by drought causing widespread economical problems, emigration and the need to import a large percentage of their food. Despite this,Cape Verde now enjoys peace and stability and is free of conflict. With the rise of tourism there is hope once again for the Islands.
*Partido Africano de Indepêndencia de Cabo Verde
**Movimento para a Democracia
